A history of law in England - Free Essay Example

Rules are necessary in a civilised society to assist us in solving disputes, arising between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the state and the citizen, or between citizens themselvesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Portsmouth NHS Trust v Wyatt and Wyatt [2005] per Hedley J at [4]). However, in any dispute, each party will have rules and principles that best suit their own beliefs or interests. These may vary, depending on their religion, their profession or their status (for example, as a parent, family member or teacher). It is therefore necessary to have a single set of rules that govern everyone equally, so that the decision reached in a dispute is external to the beliefs of any particular group (Arthur et al, Unit 26, p.150). The formal rules governing citizens of a country are described as laws. In order for laws to gain the respect of society, they must follow common values that society holds. Society expects laws to be just and to always be tied to justice (Arthur et al, Unit 26, p.147). But t he values held by the public and society generally change and evolve, and the law therefore has to, and indeed does, evolve in an attempt to meet those values. This can be demonstrated by the evolution of the law relating to corporate manslaughter. During the period 2005-2006, 212 workers were killed at work and an additional 146,076 non-fatal injuries were reported (Health and Safety Commission, 2006). Successful prosecutions for such incidents were extremely rare. A number of large scale disasters, such as the Clapham Junction crash in 1997 and the Potters Bar crash in 2002 (Arthur et al, Unit 23 p.18) also saw companies escape liability for serious loss of life, despite evidence of major failings in the organisation, due to lack of evidence. Such incidents might have been treated as unfortunate accidents, but changes in the perceptions of society mean that today people are more concerned that organisations should be held accountable for their failings (Arthur et al, Unit 23 p.8). The law has had to evolve to meet these views. Previously, in order to secure a conviction against a company, it was necessary to identify a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"controlling mindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in that company that was responsible for the particular failings. But as for the PO ferry disaster, it was often the case that the failings of many different people at all levels contributed to the disaster. The introduction of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 made it easier to prosecute medium and large-sized companies where gross failures of management have led to death. Under the Act, it is now only necessary per Section 1(1) to establish that the way in which the senior management has managed or organised the activities of the organisation is a substantial element of the breach that caused the death. This is no easy feat, as identified by Harris (Harris, cited in Arthur et al, Unit 23 pp.27-29), but it is thought that the Act will improve accountability. However , this is still against the corporation as a legal entity, rather than the individuals concerned. This means that whilst the changes demonstrate the evolution of the law to meet societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s demand for accountability, further change may be necessary in the future, as society may not be satisfied that the Act does enough to address its demands. Such a process reflects how the law has evolved to deal with the demands of society, and this process shows that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“never staticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“always changingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Harris, 2007, p.1). The variety of disputes that are brought before the courts is endless. Whilst Parliament strives to produce a comprehensive law that covers as many of these disputes as possible, it is part of the Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ role to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"flesh outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ this law by applying it to new circumstances not previously contemplated by the Legislature. This process expands the law; and sometimes, the Courts redefine their application, changing the way they have viewed an Act of Parliament previously. Although the Courts are not rule-makers, in this way, they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reinterpretà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“redefineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the law (Harris, 2007, p.1). Such redefinition may not just result from the values of society but also the way society is constructed. For example, the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has changed a great deal through the years. Traditionally a family consisted of a married couple, together with (usually) two children (Arthur et al, Unit 24 p.36). Nowadays, this is far from the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"normà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. One in eight children experience life in a step-family by the age of 16 (Arthur et al, Unit 24 p.37) and in 2007, 14% of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"familiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ were cohabiting rather than married (BBC, 2007). Unfortunately, the law does not define the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"familyà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Arthur et al, Unit 24 p.43) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is left for the Courts to do à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but it would certainly be unjust to apply the traditional concept of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"nuclear familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ when applying the law, since this does not represent the reality. Case law has understood à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to be those with consanguineous or affinal ties, but this does not always reflect how society defines family. Homosexual couples have historically not had affinal ties because they have not been permitted to marry. Under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, a marriage would not be legal when the parties are not male and female respectively (Arthur et al, Unit 24 p.46). The Civil Partnership Act 2004 now allows homosexuals to partner in a marriage-like relationship, and thus, the law treats them as family, entitling them to similar legal rights as a traditional married couple. However, the Civil Partnerships Act applies only to homosexual couples à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" heterosexual couples were dropped from its scope à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" meaning that unmarried couples still have issues like Anna Homsi, who was told she could not claim the war widowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pension in respect of her long term partner with whom she had a child, as she was unmarried (Arthur et al, Unit 24 p.53). In this respect, the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in a legal context has been redefined to reflect changes in society, but as for corporate manslaughter, the principles relating to marriage and family need addressing further (and indeed have been subject to further proposed reform) to accurately deal with the new types of families and relationships that are prevalent in society (Arthur et al, Unit 24 p.52-54). The rules set out by Parliament in the form of the law cannot be overridden by the Courts. If Parliament has made its intention clear in the words of a statute, the Court has no place to decide a ca se in conflict with that statute (bar situations where Parliament has said it can à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, by agreeing on the supremacy of European Law). Parliament strives to update the law to reflect changing values in society so that whilst not every faction of society will agree with every law, generally the law enacted is representative of society as a whole. This is reflected in the way that every new piece of legislation is generally subject to a lengthy consultation process where bodies such as the Law Commission collect the views of as many stakeholders as possible, before evaluating the best way for the law to evolve, and making recommendations to this end. In this regard, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“regulatorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ striveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to ensure that the law constantly reflects changes in society itselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Harris, 2007, p.1). Where a matter does not fall under a particular Act, the Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ role will be to extend the law to apply to a given scenario. It may be that the Courts have already done this in the past and thus there is an example decision to follow. The doctrine of precedent, holding that previous decisions made by higher courts are followed in future cases where the facts are similar, may determine a particular direction is taken in deciding a case. However, the higher Courts sometimes depart from precedent to ensure that the law continues to reflect the values held by society. Arthur et al gives an example of a situation where sticking to a precedent would produce an unjust result. The example is of a swimming race, the rules to which stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the winner is the first swimmer to touch the side of the pool with both handsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The winner of the race in question had only one arm and was consequently disqualified (Hutchinson, 1988, p. 23). In such a scenario, clearly it would be appropriate not to apply the rule, as drafted, quite literally. The result would be unjust. In such circumstances, the courts may have to read additional words into the rule to produce a just result, although they cannot read words into the statute that go against the will of Parliament. As noted, if the law is applied unjustly it will lose its credibility and fail to gain the support of society. It is essential that judges keep this in mind when applying the law. As well as interpreting Acts of Parliament in such a way as to reflect changes in society, judges may be required to define their scope. Where an Act does appear to clearly set out the views of Parliament, the limitations of its application may be determined by the Courts. For example, Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ECHRà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ), brought into effect in English law by the Human Rights Act 1998, denotes that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Everyones right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which the penalty is provided by lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In Portsmouth NHS Trust v Wyatt, this right is qualified. The case involved a seriously ill baby, Charlotte Wyatt, who had no sensation other than that of pain. The parents naturally wanted to prolong her life, but the doctors felt to resuscitate her, if she stopped breathing, would prolong her pain and distress. In reaching a decision, Hedley J makes reference to Re J (A Minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) [1991], in which Lord Donaldson notes that a balancing exercise is to be performed in assessing the course of action to be adopted that represents the best interests of the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (cited in Portsmouth NHS Trust v Wyatt, at [24]). Lord Donaldson goes on to say that there is a strong presumption in favour of treatment to prolong life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" but this is not irrebuttable. Account must be made of the pain and suffering involved in the proposed treatment. In the Wyatt case, Charlotte already had a very limited life expectancy and so Donaldsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s comments in Re J (A Minor) that a treatment would not be in the best interests of the child where it would à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cause increased suffering and produce no commensurate benefità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Lord Donaldson, Re J (A Minor), at 46à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"47 and 375) were particularly relevant to Charlotte. Hedley J also makes reference to Taylor LJ in the same case who stated that the absolute right to life would certainly not prevail where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the only way of preserving life [is] by the continuous administration of extremely painful treatmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Since the absolute right to life was rejected, the criteria was then à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a matter of degreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Treatment should be withheld only in extreme cases but Taylor suggested that these cases would be where the child in question, if capable of exercising sound judgment, would consider the life tolerable under the proposed treatment (per Taylor LJ, Re J (A Minor), at at 55 and 383). Taking these judgements into account, the Court in Portsmouth NHS Trust v Wyatt reached the conclusion that it would not be in baby Charlotteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best interests for her great pain and distress to be allowed to continue if, after she ceased to breathe, she was deliberately resuscitated. In this way, they qualified the Human Rights Act 1998 and the scope of Article 2 ECHR. This qualification did not reflect any particular view of Parliament but instead reflected the views of society, embodied in the professional medical opinion of the doctors. In this way, the judge can be seen to have strived à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to ensure that the law constantly reflects changes in society itselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Harris, 2007, p.1). Whilst it is clear from the way the law develops that the Legislature and Judiciary both strive to ensure it reflects changes in society, its ev olution cannot always be described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"successfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. As noted, the law must be just and applied justly, without which it has no value (per Mummery LJ, quoted in Flannery, 2006). However, the Legislature can only enact laws that meet with the values of the majority. This means that not everyone will share the same values that the law purports to uphold. For example, society has increasingly recognised the rights of children as being equal to those of adults, and consequently the Children Act 1989 gave children the right to express an opinion about matters affecting their welfare, to which the Court must have regard when deciding issues such as where the child should live. The Act also permits children to apply for court orders in their own right. Certain groups have denounced the Act as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a Bratà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Charterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, claiming it undermines parental responsibility and adult power over children (Arthur et al, Unit 24, p .65; Lansdown, 1994). In this regard, the changes that the Legislature makes can be seen to have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"varying degrees of successà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in that they perhaps go far beyond what was required, empowering children to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"divorceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ their parents or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"demanding the right to do whatever they wantedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Arthur et al, Unit 24 p.65), not what was originally intended by the enactment of the Act. Further, the Courts cannot apply the law in such a way that goes against the will of Parliament. This means that they may strive to reinterpret or redefine the law to meet changes but there is a limit to how far they can do this. Thus in Cairns and Gamble, the Court, with regret, were not able to extend the definition of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to assist Miss Cairns in obtain protection of her tenancy under the Rents Act (Reader 3, Reading 36, p.97). The Court was bound to consider the legal meaning of family and could not depart from this, even though society (particularly in the area concerned) would have recognised Miss Cairns as living in a family relationship, albeit without consanguineous ties. It is clearly not always possible for the judge to refine the law to meet changes in society when the degree of change required would go against what Parliament intended. In conclusion, it is clear that the set of enforceable rules that make up our law are ever changing, evolving, being reinterpreted and redefined. We have seen how both the Legislature strives to change the law to meet societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s demands and the Judiciary strives to apply the law as far as possible to meet the values of society as a whole. However, both experience varying degrees of success. Because values are so diverse, changes will not be approved by every member of society. The passage of legislation, from the initial consultation to the final enactment, is sometimes extremely prolonged and c omplicated the Deceased Wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Sister Act 1907, for example, took 65 years, 46 debate sessions and 18 successful second readings in the House of Commons before it became law (Arthur et al, Unit 24 p.47). Similarly, the Judiciary are faced with the difficult task of applying the law uniformly whilst upholding the quality of justice in their decisions. Even where a conclusion seems morally unjust, sometimes judges are limited in the action they can take, since their role is to apply and interpret, not to make the law. Arthur R. et al. (2007) Block 7 Justice, W100 Rules, Rights and Justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University BBC News, Tuesday, 6 November 2007, The UK family: In statistics https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7071611.stm [Accessed 1 September 2008 via Google using keywords à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"uk typical familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢] Diduck, A. and Kaganas, F. (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Cairns and Gambleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Family Law, Gender and the State, Oxford, Hart. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Reading 36à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Reader 3, W100 Rules, Rights and Justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University, p.97 Harris, P. (2007) An Introduction to Law (7th edn), Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 1 cited in W100 Assessment Guide Part 3 (2008) p.3 Health and Safety Commission (2006) Health and Safety Statistics 2005/6 (online), available at www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/overall/hssh0506.pdf quoted in Arthur R. et al. (2007) Block 7 Justice, W100 Rules, Rights and Justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University, p.9 Hutchinson, A. (1988) Dwelling on the Threshold, Toronto, Carswell, quoted in Arthur R. et al. (2007) Block 7 Justice, W100 Rules, Rights and Justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University, p.138 Lansdown, G., (1994) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, in Mayall, B. (ed.) Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Childhoods: Observed and Experienced, London, The Falmer Press, p.37; cited in Arthur R. et al. (20 07) Block 7 Justice, W100 Rules, Rights and Justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University, p.65 Mummery LJ, quoted in Flannery, L. (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"In the eye of the beholder?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, New Law Journal, vol. 156, no. 7212, pp. 279, in Arthur R. et al. (2007) Block 7 Justice, W100 Rules, Rights and Justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University p.155 Cases Portsmouth NHS Trust v Wyatt and Wyatt [2005] 1 FLR 21 Re J (A Minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment) [1991] Fam 33, [1991] 1 FLR 366

Literature Of Old Kingdom Egypt Served - 2052 Words

The â€Å"Instruction† literature of Old Kingdom Egypt served as a means to educate and guide its audience in an artistic manner. These texts were highly regarded by ancient Egyptians, as some of their greatest writers wrote instruction literature. Most of these texts were also administrative, and therefore intended to be read by a large audience. The contents of these texts included themes of personal morality, personal behavior, social norms, strategic behavior, and general advice about life. As a patriarchal society, the ancient Egyptian authors were not as concerned with instructions for women, but rather, how men should treat women. Today’s American culture has granted women many more liberties; however, cultural norms still deem the man†¦show more content†¦Regardless, the texts shed some light on the cultural values of their intended audience. The introduction of the instructions clarifies why Ptahhotep thought it was necessary to write instructions for the people, â€Å"for no one is born wise† (Simpson, 131). Following a narration, Ptahhotep begins by addressing his son. Among the first instructions, silence and moderation are seen as important aspects of Ma’at, or the ancient Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, and honor. Ptahhotep then discusses how to deal with nobility as well as the proper treatment of a son, a wife, relatives, and friends. The instructions conclude with discussion of more political aspects of ancient Egyptian life, including how to deal with noblemen and how to act as a nobleman, which Ptahhotep was likely concerned with since he was an official. One statement of note is Ptahhotep’s advice that one should â€Å"Follow [their] heart as long as [they] live† (Simpson, 135). At first glance, from an American perspective, the statement comes across as quite idealistic and modern: Ptahhotep seems to advise young people to follow their emotions. However, it is important to note t hat ancient Egyptians did not associate emotion with the

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Jennifer Proctor POL201: American National Government Instructor: Luke Martin 10/29/12 Habeas Corpus has been around for very many years. Although no one knows its exact origin it still dates back pretty far. Habeas Corpus has been seen as a good thing and a bad thing. It has been around for every war we have had. It has also been suspended by two of our presidents in the past. The story and history of Habeas Corpus is a very old one but it is also a very interesting one too. Habeas corpus, a Latin term meaning you have the body, an important right granted to individuals in America and refers to the right of every†¦show more content†¦The Chief Justice and Supreme Court ignored Lincoln’s order of suspension and requested that the military bring Merryman before the court. Lincoln and the military then ignored their ruling. Chief Justice Taney ruled Lincoln’s suspension unconstitutional. 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Groups that do not meet the standards are not entitled to POW status, and their members who commitShow MoreRelatedCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror979 Words   |  4 PagesRUNNINGHEAD: CIVIL 1 Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Pol 201 American National Government Instructor: Gregory Di Cerbo September 20, 2012 Read MoreCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay1860 Words   |  8 PagesCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Jennifer Proctor POL201: American National Government Instructor: Luke Martin 10/29/12 Habeas Corpus has been around for very many years. Although no one knows its exact origin it still dates back pretty far. Habeas Corpus has been seen as a good thing and a bad thing. It has been around for every war we have had. It has also been suspended by two of our presidents in the past. The story and history of Habeas CorpusRead MoreCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay2184 Words   |  9 PagesCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Do you remember where you were on September 11, 2001? I was working as a Personal Care Provider in a Senior Home at Newport, NJ. Do you remember the feeling you felt when you saw the planes crashing on the Twin Towers in New York? I remember feeling powerless. I wanted to do something to help out the people trapped in those towers. It was a horrible feeling not to be able to helpRead MorePOL 201 Week 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror36705 Words   |  147 PagesWeek 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror http://homeworkmonster.com/downloads/pol-201-week-5-final-paper-civil-liberties-habeas-corpus-war-terror/ POL 201 Week 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror The final assignment for this course is a Final Paper. The purpose of the Final Paper is to give you an opportunity to apply much of what you have learned about American national government to an examination of civil liberties in the contextRead MoreThe Right Of Habeas Corpus1531 Words   |  7 Pages The war on terror seems to be a never ending story, especially with the current events such as the beheading of two Americans by the terrorist group ISIS. These are barbaric people,whom have no regards for human life, and they need to be stopped.Which brings me to the issue of habeas corpus, and the rights or civil liberties of detainees who have been deemed enemy combatants. To understand the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror, you must first understand the historical evolutionRead MoreThe Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Introduction September 11, 2001 changed the United States forever. This disastrous attack on the Pentagon and the twin towers at the World Trade Center destroyed the lives of thousands of people. Over 3,000 people were killed, including hundreds or firefighters and policemen, many of which were never found. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Arab nations. The war on terror declared by the Bush Administration, had become one of the mostRead MoreThe United States1941 Words   |  8 PagesGranting equal liberties also shows good will in changing this situation. In the United States, habeas corpus became a legal act after the country established its independence. The request for the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus is made before a judge and, if granted, a prisoner must be brought before the judge. For instance, it is known that Abraham Lincoln detained people known for being Confederate spies without proving their guilt. The concept of the writ of habeas corpus will be a bridgeRead Morethe right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror621 Words   |  3 Pagesright of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror. Your essay should address the following subtopics: Explain the historical evolution of habeas corpus, including its English and American traditions. The explanation of its evolution within the American tradition should include the general meaning of the right of habeas corpus in the U.S. Constitution and its relationship to the protection of other civil liberties. Provide examples from U.S. history of the suspension of habeas corpusRead MoreLife Changing Events Happened From New York City2030 Words   |  9 Pagesof dust and debris. The news reporters told of the gripping story of how terror had struck the very hearts of the American people. Our President, George W. Bush gave clear and concise demands to the events within a few days following the horrible attacks on the Twin Towers. The demands that later led to new ACT’s being passed by Congress, would have a drastic change to what we call Civil Liberties. By definition Civil Liberties is the state of being subjected only to laws that are established for theRead MoreHabeas Corpus and the War on Terror Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesHow can we justify the war on terrorism abroad when the war was brought to our door steps with very little remaining abroad but some small resistances? This may be a difficult question to answer but it is one that can be easily found through understand ing of the criminal mind and the way the terrorists work. The main objective here is to show how the war is going and how the terrorists were classified as such. I will also be providing information on Habeas Corpus both past and present as well as Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Do you remember where you were on September 11, 2001? I was working as a Personal Care Provider in a Senior Home at Newport, NJ. Do you remember the feeling you felt when you saw the planes crashing on the Twin Towers in New York? I remember feeling powerless. I wanted to do something to help out the people trapped in those towers. It was a horrible feeling not to be able to help them. Right after that, President Bush declared the War on Terror and many of our troop members were sent overseas to defend our country and to try to catch those involved on this act of terror. Many people were detained and sent to Guantanamo†¦show more content†¦Good examples of this were President Abraham Lincoln September 24, 1862 and President George W. Bush on October 17, 2006. Both presidents based their actions in the dangers of the war and both have been strongly criticized for it. The definition of â€Å"enemy combatant†, which is another term used to refer a terrorist,† according to CSRT (Combatant Status Review Tribunal) is very broad and as follow: â€Å"An enemy combatant for the purposes of this order shall mean an individual who was part of or supporting Taliban or al Qaida forces, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the Unites States or its coalition partners. This includes any person who has committed a belligerent act or who has directly supported hostilities in aid of enemy armed forces† (Foley, 2007). This definition is contrary to the principal derived in the U.S. Constitution, where the crimes cannot be defined so broadly to the point where it can sweep a bunch of innocent people for a behavior that can be understood as innocent. If people are detained under this definition I can see how many innocent people can be detained without a trial and no communications with family members or anyone at all. At Guantanamo bay, the CSRT does not provide a trial but rather a hearing that is non-adversarial; this involves process where the evidence is in favor of theShow MoreRelatedCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror979 Words   |  4 PagesRUNNINGHEAD: CIVIL 1 Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Pol 201 American National Government Instructor: Gregory Di Cerbo September 20, 2012 Read MoreCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay1788 Words   |  8 PagesCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror POL 201 April 15, 2013 Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Civil liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror have been the forefront of Congress since 2001 with the terrorist attack against The United States. Although there have been many attacks before, none have hit the American people in such a manner to question whether our civil liberties are at stake. As a member of the Armed Forces I swore to supportRead MoreCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay1860 Words   |  8 PagesCivil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Jennifer Proctor POL201: American National Government Instructor: Luke Martin 10/29/12 Habeas Corpus has been around for very many years. Although no one knows its exact origin it still dates back pretty far. Habeas Corpus has been seen as a good thing and a bad thing. It has been around for every war we have had. It has also been suspended by two of our presidents in the past. The story and history of Habeas CorpusRead MorePOL 201 Week 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror36705 Words   |  147 PagesWeek 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror http://homeworkmonster.com/downloads/pol-201-week-5-final-paper-civil-liberties-habeas-corpus-war-terror/ POL 201 Week 5 Final Paper Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror The final assignment for this course is a Final Paper. The purpose of the Final Paper is to give you an opportunity to apply much of what you have learned about American national government to an examination of civil liberties in the contextRead MoreThe Right Of Habeas Corpus1531 Words   |  7 Pages The war on terror seems to be a never ending story, especially with the current events such as the beheading of two Americans by the terrorist group ISIS. These are barbaric people,whom have no regards for human life, and they need to be stopped.Which brings me to the issue of habeas corpus, and the rights or civil liberties of detainees who have been deemed enemy combatants. To understand the right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror, you must first understand the historical evolutionRead MoreThe Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right of Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Introduction September 11, 2001 changed the United States forever. This disastrous attack on the Pentagon and the twin towers at the World Trade Center destroyed the lives of thousands of people. Over 3,000 people were killed, including hundreds or firefighters and policemen, many of which were never found. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Arab nations. The war on terror declared by the Bush Administration, had become one of the mostRead MoreThe United States1941 Words   |  8 PagesGranting equal liberties also shows good will in changing this situation. In the United States, habeas corpus became a legal act after the country established its independence. The request for the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus is made before a judge and, if granted, a prisoner must be brought before the judge. For instance, it is known that Abraham Lincoln detained people known for being Confederate spies without proving their guilt. The concept of the writ of habeas corpus will be a bridgeRead Morethe right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror621 Words   |  3 Pagesright of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror. Your essay should address the following subtopics: Explain the historical evolution of habeas corpus, including its English and American traditions. The explanation of its evolution within the American tradition should include the general meaning of the right of habeas corpus in the U.S. Constitution and its relationship to the protection of other civil liberties. Provide examples from U.S. history of the suspension of habeas corpusRead MoreLife Changing Events Happened From New York City2030 Words   |  9 Pagesof dust and debris. The news reporters told of the gripping story of how terror had struck the very hearts of the American people. Our President, George W. Bush gave clear and concise demands to the events within a few days following the horrible attacks on the Twin Towers. The demands that later led to new ACT’s being passed by Congress, would have a drastic change to what we call Civil Liberties. By definition Civil Liberties is the state of being subjected only to laws that are established for theRead MoreHabeas Corpus and the War on Terror Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesHow can we justify the war on terrorism abroad when the war was brought to our door steps with very little remaining abroad but some small resistances? This may be a difficult question to answer but it is one that can be easily found through understand ing of the criminal mind and the way the terrorists work. The main objective here is to show how the war is going and how the terrorists were classified as such. I will also be providing information on Habeas Corpus both past and present as well as

Viewing Suicide from Kants and Humes Eyes - 1089 Words

Viewing Suicide from Kant’s and Hume’s eyes According to National Institute of Mental Health, â€Å"In 2007, it [suicide] was the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S., accounting for 34,598 deaths.† This statistic shows that even though the numbers compared to the entire population are small, it is rather common for people to deal with suicide around them and it is a major issue among people (NIMH). There are many different mixed emotions and views regarding suicide. Some people choose to believe that it is a mental state that makes a person feels the need to commit suicide. Others believe that it directly defies our duties to God, ourselves, and even others in society. It is morally wrong to commit suicide? There is a fine line between†¦show more content†¦God set up the world a certain way and obviously gave us the knowledge and strength to choose life or death. Someone taking their life is no different than someone dying of a natural cause. This is because everyone dies regardless. Hume’s fourth p oint is in the quote â€Å"No one throws away a life worth living† (Hume). There is age, sickness, and misfortune against people. To choose to live, they might be a burden depending on their own circumstance. Therefore, to take their life may make it better for society however, only that person knows what will truly help. â€Å"to get rid of ourselves, we are freeing ourselves from a life of misery† (Hume). Suicide is not morally wrong because compared to many other things that happen in our lives, it is not the worst. It can be premised because people die and it doesn’t really matter how in Gods eyes. He has a plan but it may not be the detailed plan that people always claim. I agree with Hume because suicide is not morally wrong and is not defying our duties to God, our neighbors, or ourselves. I believe that suicide is not morally wrong because there is no evidence to make it seem like a criminal offense. Everyone is going to die and how you die is not going to affect the universe dramatically. Events happen every second of our lives. The first reason I believe that suicide is not morally wrong is that if God does have a plan, it is a big plan that could not be truly effected by every single death in the universe. No

Essay on Anorexia and Bulimia - 1661 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bulimia Nervosa [also known as Bulimia] is a very serious and dangerous eating disorder. The disorder can be describe as bingeing and then followed by purging or a person who eats a large amount of food in short periods of time and then vomits after eating to prevent on gaining the weight cause by the food. There is different ways of going about ways to prevent the weight gain, making oneself throw up, taking pills, or laxatives which will increase how fast the food will move through your body, exercising excessively, eating a little amount or not at all, or taking other pills to pass urine This disorder is mostly between the ages of 15 and 35, even if they have no specific†¦show more content†¦This bulimic group is usually more mature and less obsessive with the idea. The last form of Bulimia is Multi-Impulsive Bulimia Nervosa this illness begins just like simple bulimia begins and in the same age group. This illness is usually caused by emotional a nd impulse control and most of the same reasons as simple bulimic sufferers. Most multi-impulsive bulimia nervosa sufferers also suffer from drug or alcohol abuse, self-harm [cutting forearms], and stealing. Usually there is a disturbance in the family of somewhat and in personality they have shown poor interest in normal activities, school, and socializing. The disorder of Bulimia can be triggered by many different reasons and problems in someone’s life. Bulimia is not just about losing weight and being frightened to gain weight there’s more to it. The reason of vomiting is more to feel like the person can control something in their life .As they feel that they can’t control most things that occur in their life they choose to vomit so they can control their weight this is most common in the teen years because puberty has just changed their whole life mostly, also for different people it eases stress and anxiety. There are so many different reasons for these disorders such as some cultures have the ideal body weight, which just happens to be thin. Families have a big impact on this disorder as well, mostly when the parents have a big say or opinion on the child’s appearance or a family memberShow MoreRelatedAnorexia and Bulimia Essay819 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame more concerned with their weight. Perfection and appearances became everything. When being slim became crucial, women, and even men could do everything to fit in this new trend. This includes becoming victims of eating disorders like Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa. These disorders started in people after their restricted diet. They became obsessed with the idea of perfection and beauty. They are extremely concerned with their weights and body images. These girls—and even some men—want to lookRead More Anorexia and Bulimia Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesadolescent girls develops anorexia nervosa, a dangerous condition in which they can literally starve themselves to death. Another two to three percent develop bulimia nervosa, a destructive pattern of excessive overeating followed by vomiting or other quot; purging quot; behaviors to control their weight. These eating disorders also occur in men and older women, but much less frequently. The consequences of eating disorders can be severe. For example, one in ten anorexia nervosa leads to death fromRead More Anorexia and Bulimia Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pages Anorexia and Bulimia: A Concise Overview nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As many as 20% of females in their teenage and young adult years suffer from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa (Alexander-Mott, 4). Males are also afflicted by these eating disorders, but at a much lower rate, with a female to male ratio of six to one. Those with anorexia nervosa refuse to maintain a normal body weight by not eating and have an intense fear of gaining weight. People with bulimia nervosa go through periodsRead MoreBulimia and Anorexia Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia is rooted in both nature and nurture. The nature and nurture are sometimes based on the bad genes of the father and the mother. The bad genes produce faulty neurotransmitters and circuits.(â€Å"Case†) The biological underpinnings are only part of anorexia the mechanics is careful not to dismiss the point of the studies to culture and psychological issues of and catalysts for eating disorders. (â€Å"Case†) The studies are put together. This teenage girl in Fijian caused bad eating disorders in justRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia And Bulimia1676 Words   |  7 Pagesthe leading mental illnesses in America are Anorexia and Bulimia. Both Anorexia and Bulimia are similar in the fact that they are highly popular in today’s world where it seems that physical appearance is always a topic of discussion; however, the two illnesses are different in the effects they have to a person’s body. To begin, Anorexia is the act of starving oneself due to an unhealthy obsession with one’s weight. Many girls who struggle with anorexia have an intense irrational fear of being overweightRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1452 Words   |  6 Pagestwo major types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. One of the descriptions of anorexia nervosa was during the 12th and 13th centuries. A woman, Saint Catherine of Siena, ceased her intake of food for a spiritual denial of herself. During the 16th century people who had self-discipline and practiced abstention were suspected to be witches and were burned at the stake. In the 17th century all the way through the 19th century anorexia was perceived to be an endocrine disorderRead MoreBulimia Nervos Anorexia Nervosa2594 Words   |  11 PagesBulimia Nervosa Bulimia originated in Greece, from the word boulimia, which is defined as extreme hunger (the Bella Vita, 2013). Bulimia falls into the category of being a purge disorder, a lot of the time people that struggle with bulimia may have times where they battle with anorexia nervosa, meaning they restrict themselves from eating. There have been so many cases where people battle with bulimia for years upon years, despite the large variety of treatment there is. There are many perspectivesRead MoreAnorexia Vs. Bulimia Nervosa1200 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia vs. Bulimia In our culture today, people concerned with the way they look to a high extent, how much they weight, their physical appearances and how to change a body part they do not like. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders that affect a person’s weight to an extreme due to wanting to be thinner when in reality they are already thin to the bone. Both disorders have their similarities and differences from their main obsession of body weight to how they try to loseRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1122 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are a few of the most common disorders struggled with today. Anorexia Nervosa is a condition of the intense fear to gain weight, which results in consistent lack of eating. Bulimia Nervosa, involves frequent episodes of binge eating followed by throwing up because of fear of gaining weight. The mortality rate for anorexia is the highest of all mental disorders yet the genetic factors relating them wer e not a huge concern to look into. It is easy to think thatRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia And Bulimia1229 Words   |  5 Pages Statistics and Resources, published September 2002, revised October 2003, http://www.renfrew.org. What an extremely disturbing fact! With so many people are struggling, why are the differences between anorexia and bulimia so misunderstood by the majority of the population? Anorexia and Bulimia are very severe eating disorders that are described as an unnatural relationship with food. The body of the individual that is diagnosed goes through extreme changes that ultimately cause havoc on the body

Ladron de la mente book report Free Essays

This book was written by Elias Miguel Munoz, Cuban American writer, who wrote series of books in Spanish language for people, who learn Spanish. He was born in 1954 and is known as editor, teacher and literary critic. He was a talented student as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Ladron de la mente book report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Elias Miguel was a man of society, he always thinks about the future generations and makes everything in order to support talented youth. As far as we know, CSU Dominguez Hills received donations of $26  000- this amount was donated by Elias Miguel Munoz and Karen Christian to create the Miguel Gallegos Memorial Scholarship. â€Å"Since I’ve graduated, I’ve had a dream of doing something for Dominguez Hills. I feel so proud of the education I received,† Munoz says. â€Å"And it honors me to be able to give back to the University that did so much for me. The professors in the Foreign Languages Department guided me toward a doctoral degree. My first exposure to literature was at Dominguez Hills, and that led me to writing, which is such a major part of my life now. It all started there.† (http://www.csudh.edu/InvestInUs/PrivateDonors.asp ) After he graduated from CSUDH, Elias Miguel Munoz entered University of California, Irvine (UCI) and received degrees of Master and Doctor in American and Spanish Literature. Moreover, he even began to teach literature at the University of California and everybody there were impressed by a talented student who so brilliantly spoke Mexican and English languages. (http://www.csudh.edu/InvestInUs/PrivateDonors.asp ) Elias Miguel Munoz wrote a lot of books and among them are â€Å"Crazy love† – the book which is a kind of novel where is described an immigration from Cuba to Florida, and which has a lot of information regarding the Cuban-American culture. Among his books are â€Å"Los Viajes de Orlando Cachumbambe (Coleccion Caniqui)†, â€Å"Quia Online Worksbook/Lab Manual t/a Dos Mundos: En Breve†, â€Å"Brand New Memory†, â€Å"En Estas Tierras†, â€Å"Fray Alberto de la madre de dios; Arquitecto (1575-1635), â€Å"Torres y castillos de la Cantabria medieval†, â€Å"Ladron De La Mente†, etc. â€Å"Ladron De La Mente† is of great interest not only for teachers of Spanish language, but also for students and all who start to investigate the mystery of this melodic and amazing language. The chapters of the book are quite short but easy to understand and very interesting. The main heroes of the book behave in such a way that you cannot tear yourself away of the book and you while you are reading, you have the feeling that you are the main hero and you experience all the things that happen there from the very beginning till the end of the story. The story takes place in Madrid (Spain), and the book has a lot of pictures and illustration of the beautiful suburbs of Madrid. It has a glossary at the end of the book, so the students can see unknown words to understand the story more clearly. The subject of the book is dedicated to a young woman and her strange, incomprehensible, mysterious boyfriend and the story is full of mystery, mystics, time travel; it is full of supernatural events, which take place and things one can hardly understand, without explaining it with the simple but strong word â€Å"magic†. Elias Miguel Munoz gives in the book some elements of Spanish history, which in his explanation is of great use for students and allow learning something about Spanish history in an easy and interesting way. During the story takes place and continues, students find out what happens to a thief who steals a thing or something which cannot be named as property, but something else. One of the main characters in the story is Marisol, a young woman. Marisol is a interpreter for one computer company specialized on software, and lives in Madrid with her friend Javier and sister Rocio. Here she is depicted like a beautiful young female with her thought and strong doubts. When the reader investigates the story, he almost associates himself or herself with Marisol, living her life and being the one with her from the beginning till the end of story. The reader connects himself with her from the very beginning. The main hero has a charming character but acts very reasonable and with a bit of irony. For example, she compares herself to Dulcinea – a female character of Servantes’ novel â€Å"Don Quijot† and to another female character in one challenging computer game â€Å"Damsel in Distress† Alfonso – the other character of this interesting story is a charming, tempting and seductive character, who shows his actual face and shows his worth from the bad side gradually. He is able to mask his real â€Å"face† for quite a long period of time and in the book he is charming and seducing Marisol like a real worshipper. Marisol was tremendously tempted by his behavior (http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/tg/stores/detail/-/books/0072326174/reviews/026-3948048-6710013 ). Javier and Rocio are the secondary heroes of â€Å"Ladron De La Mente† and they are quite deeply developed by Miguel. Marisol narrates everything what is going on with her and what she is experiencing, in her diary – so the story is written partially in a diary form by her. Still, she leaves a space for other characters to show out their feelings and thoughts. The entire story is penetrated by supernormal events and computer technologies – so the story is very modern (http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/tg/stores/detail/-/books/0072326174/reviews/026-3948048-6710013 ). Marisol likes to go to the cinema, to the theater, museums, to experience bright and jolly celebrations – to live a joyous life. Still, she likes museums and paintings there -she says that the work of Guernica influence her very much. She likes also paintings of Dali: â€Å"Aquellos relojes dormidos, flà ¡ccidos,vacà ­os de vida, me parecà ­an el presagio de algo; eran la imagen muerta de un tiempo sin tiempo† – dice Marisol (These weak, empty hours of life, they seemed to me an omen of something, it seemed to be an image, which died from time without time†,- tells Marisol about â€Å"The Persistence of Memory† (Dali, 1931). This work reflects every feeling, the painter wanted to show – feelings of inhabitants of the settlement, and victims of the war. Marisol surfs the internet, she reads science fiction and makes some quite interesting associations and connections between the books of fiction and her own challenging story. In every chapter we find themes of Spanish culture, which are very important in the history of Spain. Works Cited: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elà ­as Miguel. Ladrà ³n de la mente. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.csudh.edu/InvestInUs/PrivateDonors.asp 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/tg/stores/detail/-/books/0072326174/reviews/026-3948048-6710013       How to cite Ladron de la mente book report, Essay examples

Health of Indigenous Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.The social determinants of health inform the way we use primary health care to help communities to maintain health and wellness. Using relevant examples from the video, identify and discuss how two social determinants of health helped determine the need for the project. 2.Using relevant examples from the video, identify and explain how two primary health care principles guided the project in the video. 3.Identify one National Health Priority Area that will be impacted on because of the program. Explain how this has the potential to affect the health of children or adults in the community, now or in the future. 4.Define cultural competence and cultural safety. Discuss why these concepts are important considerations when developing a program like the one in the video. Provide at least one example from the video where these concepts are demonstrated. Answers: 1.The social determinants of the health play an integral role in informing the manner in which the primary health care contributes to maintaining the wellness as well as the health of the communities. The effectiveness of the primary health care aims at keeping the individuals, communities as well as the family in the healthy condition. The improvements in the health of the population through the process of the healthcare helps in the prevention of the investments, which is required for the surgical purposes, increase in the pharmaceutical usage along with the hospitalization. The primary health care also helps in the supporting the families, communities, individuals as well as the health sector, to prevent any diseases and illness (Greenwood et al. 2015). This includes the identification and the working for the improvement of the social conditions, which contributes to the significance impact on the health such as the housing, education, income and the environment. The first social determinants that are identified in the video are the social exclusion of the teenage girls, who are conceiving the child at a younger age (Smylie and Firestone, 2016). They are being secluded by the society because of the varying perceptions of the society who do not treat the teenager mothers in the same manner as the married ones. This, in turn, is encouraging the young mothers to assess the Maternal and the Child Health Care services, since they are not able to participate in the mother's group. The initiatives taken by the social workers help in building up their depression as well as help them to fight against the stress, postnatal depression and prevent them from taking up the drugs. Thus, it is necessary to help them fight as well as the depression, to sustain health and wellness. Thus, this defines the necessity of the project to improve the state of the health of the individuals, for the betterment of their lifestyle (Fisher et al. 2016). Another social determinant identified from the video is the indigenous community of Australia has been suffering from the increasing child and drug abuse. The research has shown that the Kalumburu, the indigenous community in Western Australia, has been witnessing a large number of sexual assault charges in its community. This has resulted in the increasing trauma in the community. Thus, to provide safety to the community, the CIRCLE (Collaborative Indigenous Research Centre for learning and Care) takes initiatives in rebuilding the community and healing them, to help them recover from the trauma (Drummond et al. 2015). 2.The social determinants that have been identified from the video, which has led to the determination of the need of the project required. The primary health care principles that helped in the guiding of the project in the video involve the Maternal and the Child Health Care services. The health care principle involved in resolving the issue regarding social exclusion includes the collaborative approaches. This approach sees the health care services that work with the different sectors such as community-based delivery of service organizations, either non-government or government. The initiatives taken by the social workers help in building up their depression as well as help them to fight against the stress, postnatal depression and prevent them from taking up the drugs. Thus, it is necessary to help them fight as well as the depression, to sustain health and wellness. Thus, this defines the necessity of the project to improve the state of the health of the individuals, for the bett erment of their lifestyle (Cunningham et al. 2016). Another health care principle that is to be taken into the consideration while dealing the indigenous communities of Western Australia is the engagement of the genuine and local indigenous community, for maximizing the participation and as well inclusion of the formal structures of the community (Clifford et al. 2015). The research has shown that the Kalumburu, the indigenous community in Western Australia, has been witnessing large number of sexual assault charges in its community. This has resulted in the increasing trauma in the community. Thus, to provide safety to the community, the CIRCLE (Collaborative Indigenous Research Centre for learning and Care) takes initiatives in rebuilding the community and healing them, to help them recover from the trauma (Drummond et al. 2015). 3.The National Health Priority Area refers to the approach, which acts as an initiative for bringing the national health policy, emphasizing on conditions as well as the diseases, which have a huge impact on the health of the communities. The National Health Priority Area that can be identified from the video is poverty as well as hygiene and health conditions of the children belonging to the indigenous communities of Western Australia. The research has shown that the Kalumburu, the indigenous community in Western Australia, has been witnessing large number of sexual assault charges in its community. This has resulted in the increasing trauma in the community. However, the CIRCLE (Collaborative Indigenous Research Centre for learning and Care) has taken the initiatives in rebuilding the community and healing them, to help them recover from the trauma. This approach mainly aims at the providing the safety to the community by offering a secured environment (Kolahdooz et al. 2015). The CIRCLE denotes the healing circle, which in turn helps in the rebuilding of the community via sharing of the stories, encouraging them as well as making them aware of the side effect of the drug abuse ("It Takes a Village," 2014). The healing method involves the description of the pain of the community through the techniques of painting, dancing, and the story maps. This method encourages the people to muster up the courage to speak about their experiences and communicate with each other with their emotions. This, in turn, helps in the establishment of the healthy relation among the people belonging to the same community, which in turn, helps in the building of unity among them. Proper education is being provided to the children as well as the adults belonging to the communities, in the context of the cultural background to which they originally belong. This not only helps them to become competent to survive through the adversities but also helps them in eradicating the poverty a nd sustaining the better lifestyle. In addition to that, the CIRCLE also gives guidance on the danger related to the drug and the alcohol as well create awareness among them about the protection, while mating. This shall help the community in acquiring knowledge about the hygiene and the health-related issues, leading to an improvement in their way of living (Kolahdooz et al. 2015). 4.The cultural safety is referred to as the creation of the environment where the indigenous communities are treated respectfully by the cultural background as well as aspects. The safety revolves around the empowerment of the tribes to actively take part in the interactions, getting to know the individual organization as well as their surroundings. Cultural competence, on the other hand, refers to the ability for the interaction among the communities in an effective manner, which helps in ensuring that requirements of the members of the community are being addressed efficiently. The CIRCLE (Collaborative Indigenous Research Centre for learning and Care) has taken the initiatives in rebuilding the community and healing them, to help them recover from the trauma (Whalen et al. 2016). This approach mainly aims at the providing the safety to the community by offering a secured environment. The CIRCLE denotes the healing circle, which in turn helps in the rebuilding of the community via sharing of the stories, encouraging them as well as making them aware of the side effect of the drug abuse. The healing method involves the description of the pain of the community through the techniques of painting, dancing and the story maps (Cunningham et al. 2016). This method encourages the people to muster up the courage to speak about their experiences and communicate with each other with their emotions. In addition to that, the CIRCLE also gives guidance on the danger related to the drug and the alcohol as well create awareness among them about the protection, while mating. This shall help the community in acquiring knowledge about the hygiene and the health-related issues, leading to an improvement in their way of living. Thus, the cultural safety as well as the cultural competence are necessary while the program development ("It Takes a Village", 2014) References Anderson, I., Robson, B., Connolly, M., Al-Yaman, F., Bjertness, E., King, A., ... Pesantes, M. A. (2016). Indigenous and tribal peoples' health (The LancetLowitja Institute Global Collaboration): a population study. The Lancet, 388(10040), 131-157. Clifford, A., McCalman, J., Bainbridge, R., Tsey, K. (2015). Interventions to improve cultural competency in health care for Indigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA: a systematic review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 27(2), 89-98. Cunningham, F. C., Ferguson-Hill, S., Matthews, V., Bailie, R. (2016). Leveraging quality improvement through use of the Systems Assessment Tool in Indigenous primary health care services: mixed methods study. BMC health services research, 16(1), 583. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015). Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Fisher, M., Baum, F. E., MacDougall, C., Newman, L., McDermott, D. (2016). To what extent do Australian health policy documents address social determinants of health and health equity?. Journal of Social Policy, 45(3), 545-564. Greenwood, M., De Leeuw, S., Lindsay, N. M., Reading, C. (Eds.). (2015). Determinants of Indigenous Peoples' Health. Canadian Scholars Press. Hunter, C. L., Goodie, J. L., Oordt, M. S., Dobmeyer, A. C. (2017). Integrated behavioral health in primary care: Step-by-step guidance for assessment and intervention. American Psychological Association. Kolahdooz, F., Nader, F., Yi, K. J., Sharma, S. (2015). Understanding the social determinants of health among Indigenous Canadians: priorities for health promotion policies and actions. Global health action, 8(1), 27968. Lam, J., Lord, S. J., Hunter, K. E., Simes, R. J., Vu, T., Askie, L. M. (2015). Australian clinical trial activity and burden of disease: an analysis of registered trials in National Health Priority Areas. The Medical journal of Australia, 203(2), 97-101. Mitrou, F., Cooke, M., Lawrence, D., Povah, D., Mobilia, E., Guimond, E., Zubrick, S. R. (2014). Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 19812006. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 201. Smylie, J., Firestone, M. (2016). The health of indigenous peoples. D. Raphael (3rd ed.) Social determinants of health: Canadian perspective, 434-469. It Takes a Village. (2018).YouTube. Retrieved 5 April 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcXGuq_k2K8